Race
Albert Park Circuit
Race classification ↓Weather unavailable
5.278 kmSource circuit length*
14Source circuit turns*
*Current catalogue specification; historical layouts may differ.Your weekend briefing
Times in Africa/JohannesburgExplore the recorded classification, qualifying and championship context from this weekend.
Race classification
Understand the points ↗| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jenson Button | McLaren | Race · 1:33:36.531 · 58 laps | 25 |
| 2 | Robert Kubica | Renault | Race · 1:33:48.565 · 58 laps | 18 |
| 3 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | Race · 1:33:51.019 · 58 laps | 15 |
| 4 | Fernando Alonso | Ferrari | Race · 1:33:52.835 · 58 laps | 12 |
| 5 | Nico Rosberg | Mercedes | Race · 1:33:53.214 · 58 laps | 10 |
| 6 | Lewis Hamilton | McLaren | Race · 1:34:06.429 · 58 laps | 8 |
| 7 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Force India | Race · 1:34:36.378 · 58 laps | 6 |
| 8 | Rubens Barrichello | Williams | Race · 1:34:37.067 · 58 laps | 4 |
| 9 | Mark Webber | Red Bull | Fastest lap · Race · 1:34:43.850 · 58 laps | 2 |
| 10 | Michael Schumacher | Mercedes | Race · 1:34:45.922 · 58 laps | 1 |
| 11 | Jaime Alguersuari | Toro Rosso | Race · 1:34:47.832 · 58 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| 12 | Pedro de la Rosa | Sauber | Race · 1:34:50.615 · 58 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| 13 | Heikki Kovalainen | Lotus Racing | Race · Time not recorded · 56 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| 14 | Karun Chandhok | HRT | Race · Time not recorded · 53 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Timo Glock | Virgin | Race · Suspension · Time not recorded · 41 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Lucas di Grassi | Virgin | Race · Hydraulics · Time not recorded · 26 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Sebastian Vettel | Red Bull | Race · Brakes · Time not recorded · 25 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Adrian Sutil | Force India | Race · Engine · Time not recorded · 9 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Vitaly Petrov | Renault | Race · Spun off · Time not recorded · 9 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Bruno Senna | HRT | Race · Hydraulics · Time not recorded · 4 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Sébastien Buemi | Toro Rosso | Race · Collision · Time not recorded · 0 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Nico Hülkenberg | Williams | Race · Collision · Time not recorded · 0 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNF | Kamui Kobayashi | Sauber | Race · Collision · Time not recorded · 0 laps | Unknown / not applicable |
| DNS | Jarno Trulli | Lotus Racing | Race · Hydraulics · Time not recorded | Unknown / not applicable |
Recorded competitors & entries
Competitors below are evidenced by this weekend's retained race or qualifying observations; this is not an inferred future entry list.
Vitantonio Liuzzi · Force India
Jaime Alguersuari · Toro Rosso
Qualifying & starting grid
Qualifying classification
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sebastian Vettel | Red Bull | Qualifying · Q1 1:24.774 · Q2 1:24.096 · Q3 1:23.919 · 19 laps | |
| 2 | Mark Webber | Red Bull | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.286 · Q2 1:24.276 · Q3 1:24.035 · 20 laps | |
| 3 | Fernando Alonso | Ferrari | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.082 · Q2 1:24.335 · Q3 1:24.111 · 22 laps | |
| 4 | Jenson Button | McLaren | Qualifying · Q1 1:24.897 · Q2 1:24.531 · Q3 1:24.675 · 19 laps | |
| 5 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.548 · Q2 1:25.010 · Q3 1:24.837 · 24 laps | |
| 6 | Nico Rosberg | Mercedes | Qualifying · Q1 1:24.788 · Q2 1:24.788 · Q3 1:24.884 · 26 laps | |
| 7 | Michael Schumacher | Mercedes | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.351 · Q2 1:24.871 · Q3 1:24.927 · 24 laps | |
| 8 | Rubens Barrichello | Williams | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.702 · Q2 1:25.085 · Q3 1:25.217 · 20 laps | |
| 9 | Robert Kubica | Renault | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.588 · Q2 1:25.122 · Q3 1:25.372 · 23 laps | |
| 10 | Adrian Sutil | Force India | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.504 · Q2 1:25.046 · Q3 1:26.036 · 24 laps | |
| 11 | Lewis Hamilton | McLaren | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.046 · Q2 1:25.184 · 13 laps | |
| 12 | Sébastien Buemi | Toro Rosso | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.061 · Q2 1:25.638 · 17 laps | |
| 13 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Force India | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.170 · Q2 1:25.743 · 19 laps | |
| 14 | Pedro de la Rosa | Sauber | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.089 · Q2 1:25.747 · 15 laps | |
| 15 | Nico Hülkenberg | Williams | Qualifying · Q1 1:25.866 · Q2 1:25.748 · 17 laps | |
| 16 | Kamui Kobayashi | Sauber | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.251 · Q2 1:25.777 · 16 laps | |
| 17 | Jaime Alguersuari | Toro Rosso | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.095 · Q2 1:26.089 · 16 laps | |
| 18 | Vitaly Petrov | Renault | Qualifying · Q1 1:26.471 · 10 laps | |
| 19 | Heikki Kovalainen | Lotus Racing | Qualifying · Q1 1:28.797 · 9 laps | |
| 20 | Jarno Trulli | Lotus Racing | Qualifying · Q1 1:29.111 · 8 laps | |
| 21 | Timo Glock | Virgin | Qualifying · Q1 1:29.592 · 8 laps | |
| 22 | Lucas di Grassi | Virgin | Qualifying · Q1 1:30.185 · 8 laps | |
| 23 | Bruno Senna | HRT | Qualifying · Q1 1:30.526 · 10 laps | |
| 24 | Karun Chandhok | HRT | Qualifying · Q1 1:30.613 · 10 laps |
Starting grid
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sebastian Vettel | Red Bull | Starting grid · 1:23.919 | |
| 2 | Mark Webber | Red Bull | Starting grid · 1:24.035 | |
| 3 | Fernando Alonso | Ferrari | Starting grid · 1:24.111 | |
| 4 | Jenson Button | McLaren | Starting grid · 1:24.675 | |
| 5 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | Starting grid · 1:24.837 | |
| 6 | Nico Rosberg | Mercedes | Starting grid · 1:24.884 | |
| 7 | Michael Schumacher | Mercedes | Starting grid · 1:24.927 | |
| 8 | Rubens Barrichello | Williams | Starting grid · 1:25.217 | |
| 9 | Robert Kubica | Renault | Starting grid · 1:25.372 | |
| 10 | Adrian Sutil | Force India | Starting grid · 1:26.036 | |
| 11 | Lewis Hamilton | McLaren | Starting grid · 1:25.184 | |
| 12 | Sébastien Buemi | Toro Rosso | Starting grid · 1:25.638 | |
| 13 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Force India | Starting grid · 1:25.743 | |
| 14 | Pedro de la Rosa | Sauber | Starting grid · 1:25.747 | |
| 15 | Nico Hülkenberg | Williams | Starting grid · 1:25.748 | |
| 16 | Kamui Kobayashi | Sauber | Starting grid · 1:25.777 | |
| 17 | Jaime Alguersuari | Toro Rosso | Starting grid · 1:26.089 | |
| 18 | Vitaly Petrov | Renault | Starting grid · 1:26.471 | |
| 19 | Heikki Kovalainen | Lotus Racing | Starting grid · 1:28.797 | |
| 20 | Jarno Trulli | Lotus Racing | Starting grid · 1:29.111 | |
| 21 | Bruno Senna | HRT | Starting grid · 1:30.526 | |
| 22 | Karun Chandhok | HRT | Starting grid · 1:30.613 | |
| PL | Timo Glock | Virgin | Starting grid · 1:29.592 | |
| PL | Lucas di Grassi | Virgin | Starting grid · 1:30.185 |
Practice & warm-up results
Practice 1
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Kubica | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:26.927 · 22 laps | |
| 2 | Nico Rosberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.126 · 18 laps | |
| 3 | Jenson Button | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.482 · 22 laps | |
| 4 | Felipe Massa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.511 · 18 laps | |
| 5 | Sebastian Vettel | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.686 · 23 laps | |
| 6 | Fernando Alonso | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.747 · 21 laps | |
| 7 | Lewis Hamilton | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:27.793 · 22 laps | |
| 8 | Sébastien Buemi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.014 · 21 laps | |
| 9 | Vitaly Petrov | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.114 · 25 laps | |
| 10 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.192 · 18 laps | |
| 11 | Paul di Resta | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.537 · 25 laps | |
| 12 | Michael Schumacher | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.550 · 19 laps | |
| 13 | Jaime Alguersuari | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.572 · 21 laps | |
| 14 | Mark Webber | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:28.683 · 22 laps | |
| 15 | Pedro de la Rosa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:29.465 · 13 laps | |
| 16 | Rubens Barrichello | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:29.712 · 18 laps | |
| 17 | Nico Hülkenberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:30.249 · 26 laps | |
| 18 | Kamui Kobayashi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:31.588 · 5 laps | |
| 19 | Jarno Trulli | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:31.652 · 13 laps | |
| 20 | Heikki Kovalainen | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:31.654 · 26 laps | |
| 21 | Lucas di Grassi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:32.831 · 25 laps | |
| 22 | Bruno Senna | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:33.401 · 24 laps | |
| 23 | Karun Chandhok | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:34.251 · 19 laps | |
| 24 | Timo Glock | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 1 · 1:34.925 · 8 laps |
Practice 2
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lewis Hamilton | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:25.801 · 13 laps | |
| 2 | Jenson Button | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.076 · 16 laps | |
| 3 | Mark Webber | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.248 · 22 laps | |
| 4 | Michael Schumacher | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.511 · 16 laps | |
| 5 | Vitaly Petrov | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.732 · 26 laps | |
| 6 | Sébastien Buemi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.832 · 29 laps | |
| 7 | Adrian Sutil | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.834 · 22 laps | |
| 8 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.835 · 17 laps | |
| 9 | Rubens Barrichello | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.904 · 25 laps | |
| 10 | Nico Rosberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:26.956 · 22 laps | |
| 11 | Robert Kubica | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:27.108 · 28 laps | |
| 12 | Pedro de la Rosa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:27.108 · 25 laps | |
| 13 | Kamui Kobayashi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:27.455 · 23 laps | |
| 14 | Nico Hülkenberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:27.545 · 25 laps | |
| 15 | Fernando Alonso | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:29.025 · 20 laps | |
| 16 | Sebastian Vettel | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:29.134 · 19 laps | |
| 17 | Felipe Massa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:29.591 · 21 laps | |
| 18 | Heikki Kovalainen | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:29.860 · 15 laps | |
| 19 | Jaime Alguersuari | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:30.510 · 43 laps | |
| 20 | Jarno Trulli | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:30.695 · 17 laps | |
| 21 | Timo Glock | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · 1:32.117 · 9 laps | |
| 22 | Lucas di Grassi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · Time not recorded · 2 laps | |
| 23 | Karun Chandhok | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 2 · Time not recorded · 1 laps |
Practice 3
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mark Webber | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:24.719 · 16 laps | |
| 2 | Fernando Alonso | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:24.929 · 19 laps | |
| 3 | Michael Schumacher | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:24.963 · 17 laps | |
| 4 | Sebastian Vettel | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.122 · 19 laps | |
| 5 | Nico Rosberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.366 · 16 laps | |
| 6 | Jenson Button | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.399 · 20 laps | |
| 7 | Lewis Hamilton | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.505 · 14 laps | |
| 8 | Adrian Sutil | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.525 · 18 laps | |
| 9 | Felipe Massa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.549 · 20 laps | |
| 10 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.782 · 19 laps | |
| 11 | Rubens Barrichello | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:25.852 · 17 laps | |
| 12 | Sébastien Buemi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.104 · 21 laps | |
| 13 | Robert Kubica | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.184 · 21 laps | |
| 14 | Kamui Kobayashi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.275 · 21 laps | |
| 15 | Jaime Alguersuari | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.368 · 17 laps | |
| 16 | Vitaly Petrov | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.661 · 19 laps | |
| 17 | Nico Hülkenberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.804 · 19 laps | |
| 18 | Pedro de la Rosa | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:26.818 · 18 laps | |
| 19 | Heikki Kovalainen | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:29.539 · 19 laps | |
| 20 | Jarno Trulli | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:29.800 · 16 laps | |
| 21 | Lucas di Grassi | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:30.800 · 18 laps | |
| 22 | Timo Glock | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:31.114 · 12 laps | |
| 23 | Karun Chandhok | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:34.334 · 11 laps | |
| 24 | Bruno Senna | Not applicable / not recorded | Practice 3 · 1:36.649 · 8 laps |
Fastest laps, pit stops & penalties
Fastest laps
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mark Webber | Red Bull | Fastest laps · 1:28.358 | |
| 2 | Nico Rosberg | Mercedes | Fastest laps · 1:28.489 | |
| 3 | Lewis Hamilton | McLaren | Fastest laps · 1:28.506 | |
| 4 | Michael Schumacher | Mercedes | Fastest laps · 1:29.185 | |
| 5 | Rubens Barrichello | Williams | Fastest laps · 1:29.210 | |
| 6 | Jenson Button | McLaren | Fastest laps · 1:29.291 | |
| 7 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | Fastest laps · 1:29.537 | |
| 8 | Robert Kubica | Renault | Fastest laps · 1:29.570 | |
| 9 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Force India | Fastest laps · 1:29.685 | |
| 10 | Fernando Alonso | Ferrari | Fastest laps · 1:29.707 | |
| 11 | Jaime Alguersuari | Toro Rosso | Fastest laps · 1:29.713 | |
| 12 | Pedro de la Rosa | Sauber | Fastest laps · 1:30.587 | |
| 13 | Sebastian Vettel | Red Bull | Fastest laps · 1:31.556 | |
| 14 | Heikki Kovalainen | Lotus Racing | Fastest laps · 1:33.638 | |
| 15 | Timo Glock | Virgin | Fastest laps · 1:34.230 | |
| 16 | Karun Chandhok | HRT | Fastest laps · 1:35.045 | |
| 17 | Lucas di Grassi | Virgin | Fastest laps · 1:36.607 | |
| 18 | Vitaly Petrov | Renault | Fastest laps · 1:43.132 | |
| 19 | Adrian Sutil | Force India | Fastest laps · 1:43.223 | |
| 20 | Bruno Senna | HRT | Fastest laps · 2:27.276 |
Recorded pit stops
| Driver | Stop | Lap | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michael Schumacher | 1 | 1 | 32.742 |
| Jenson Button | 1 | 6 | 27.295 |
| Felipe Massa | 1 | 8 | 29.415 |
| Robert Kubica | 1 | 8 | 24.188 |
| Nico Rosberg | 1 | 8 | 24.885 |
| Lewis Hamilton | 1 | 8 | 28.948 |
| Rubens Barrichello | 1 | 8 | 25.864 |
| Vitaly Petrov | 1 | 8 | 28.963 |
| Pedro de la Rosa | 1 | 8 | 27.069 |
| Fernando Alonso | 1 | 8 | 26.821 |
| Michael Schumacher | 2 | 8 | 29.619 |
| Heikki Kovalainen | 1 | 8 | 27.801 |
| Karun Chandhok | 1 | 8 | 27.526 |
| Sebastian Vettel | 1 | 9 | 24.527 |
| Vitantonio Liuzzi | 1 | 9 | 25.746 |
| Jaime Alguersuari | 1 | 9 | 25.273 |
| Timo Glock | 1 | 9 | 28.501 |
| Mark Webber | 1 | 10 | 23.517 |
| Lucas di Grassi | 1 | 10 | 27.693 |
| Jaime Alguersuari | 2 | 27 | 25.378 |
| Lucas di Grassi | 2 | 25 | 15:47.885 |
| Michael Schumacher | 3 | 29 | 24.412 |
| Rubens Barrichello | 2 | 31 | 24.129 |
| Mark Webber | 2 | 32 | 23.986 |
| Nico Rosberg | 2 | 33 | 23.990 |
| Lewis Hamilton | 2 | 34 | 24.027 |
| Karun Chandhok | 2 | 46 | 26.768 |
| Mark Webber | 3 | 56 | 29.584 |
Recorded time penalties
Grid penalties, where recorded, are shown with the starting grid above.
No separately recorded time penalty is available. This does not certify a penalty-free event or reconstruct steward decisions.
The championship picture
Driver standings after this round
| Position | Driver | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fernando Alonso | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 37 |
| 2 | Felipe Massa | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 33 |
| 3 | Jenson Button | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 31 |
| 4 | Lewis Hamilton | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 23 |
| 5 | Nico Rosberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 20 |
| 6 | Robert Kubica | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 18 |
| 7 | Sebastian Vettel | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 12 |
| 8 | Michael Schumacher | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 9 |
| 9 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 8 |
| 10 | Mark Webber | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 6 |
| 11 | Rubens Barrichello | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 5 |
| 12 | Jaime Alguersuari | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 13 | Adrian Sutil | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 13 | Pedro de la Rosa | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 15 | Heikki Kovalainen | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 16 | Nico Hülkenberg | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 17 | Karun Chandhok | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 18 | Sébastien Buemi | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
| 19 | Jarno Trulli | Not applicable / not recorded | Driver standings · Championship record | 0 |
Constructor standings after this round
| Position | Constructor | Recorded details | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ferrari Ferrari | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 70 |
| 2 | McLaren Mercedes | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 54 |
| 3 | Mercedes Mercedes | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 29 |
| 4 | Renault Renault | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 18 |
| 5 | Red Bull Renault | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 18 |
| 6 | Force India Mercedes | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 8 |
| 7 | Williams Cosworth | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 5 |
| 8 | Toro Rosso Ferrari | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 0 |
| 9 | Sauber Ferrari | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 0 |
| 10 | Lotus Racing Cosworth | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 0 |
| 11 | HRT Cosworth | Constructorstandings · Championship record | 0 |
Retained championship scores, sprint points and race-only totals are different measures. No title-clinching scenario is inferred.
The circuit, beyond this weekend
Circuit profile ↗Individual session records
Published source snapshot, not live timing. Missing results or weather remain unavailable; disputed and restricted research is excluded.